Electrical Machines
A dc shunt generator, when driven without any excitation, showed an open circuit voltage of 12 V. When the field winding was excited, the voltage dropped to zero. It happened because

 field resistance was higher than critical resistance
 there was no residual magnetism in the field circuit
 there was a break in the armature circuit
 field winding was wrongly connected

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Electrical Machines
A 3-φ alternator has negligible stator resistance. A short circuit test is conducted on this alternator. At a particular speed, a field current of If1 is required to drive the rated armature current. If the speed of the alternator is reduced to half, the field current required to maintain rated armature current

 Woud be equal to 2If1.
  Cannot be predicted due to insufficient data.
 Would be equal to If1.
 Would be equal to If1/2.

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