System Analysis and Design
Data Definition Language (DDL)

determine how data must be structured to produce the user's view
all of the listed here
describes how data are structured in the data base
specifies for the DBMS what is required; the techniques used to process data

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System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and design is

to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity
all of the listed here
to prepare flow charts after programming has been completed
to identify a top level function an d then create a hierarchy of lower-level modules and components.

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