Engineering Thermodynamics
Producer gas is obtained by

Passing steam over incandescent coke
Partial combustion of coal, coke, anthracite coal or charcoal in a mixed air steam blast
Carbonization of bituminous coal
Passing air and a large amount of steam over waste coal at about 650°C

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Engineering Thermodynamics
An open system is one in which

Both energy and mass cross the boundaries of the system
Mass crosses the boundary but not the energy
Neither mass nor energy crosses the boundaries of the system
Mass does not cross boundaries of the system, though energy may do so

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