Engineering Thermodynamics
A closed system is one in which

Mass crosses the boundary but not the energy
Mass does not cross boundaries of the system, though energy may do so
Both energy and mass cross the boundaries of the system
Neither mass nor energy crosses the boundaries of the system

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Engineering Thermodynamics
Producer gas is obtained by

Passing air and a large amount of steam over waste coal at about 650°C
Passing steam over incandescent coke
Partial combustion of coal, coke, anthracite coal or charcoal in a mixed air steam blast
Carbonization of bituminous coal

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Engineering Thermodynamics
The distillation carried out in such a way that the liquid with the lowest boiling point is first evaporated and re-condensed, then the liquid with the next higher boiling point is then evaporated and re-condensed, and so on until all the available liquid fuels are separately recovered in the sequence of their boiling points. Such a process is called

Cracking
Carbonisation
Full distillation
Fractional distillation

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