a technique used by protocols in which a lower level protocol accepts a message from a higher level protocol and places it in the data portion of the low level frame.
a technique used in best-effort delivery systems to avoid endlessly looping packets.
One of the pieces that results when an IP gateway divides an IP datagram into smaller pieces for transmission across a network that cannot handle the original datagram size
a code in which each expression conforms to specific rules of construction, so that if certain errors occur in an expression, the resulting expression will not conform to the rules of construction and
None of these
a check bit appended to an array of binary digits to make the sum of all the binary digits.
the ratio of the number of data units in error to the total number of data units
an error-detecting code based on a summation operation performed on the bits to be checked.
EXAMIANS