Electrical Machines
A dc shunt generator, when driven without any excitation, showed an open circuit voltage of 12 V. When the field winding was excited, the voltage dropped to zero. It happened because

 field resistance was higher than critical resistance
 there was a break in the armature circuit
 field winding was wrongly connected
 there was no residual magnetism in the field circuit

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Electrical Machines
In a DC machine the armature mmf is

  stationary with respect to armature.
  stationary with respect to field poles.
 rotating with respect to field poles.
  rotating with respect to field poles as well as armature.

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