Process Equipment and Plant Design
Liquid gradient over a tray can be minimised by

Decreasing the number of rows of caps through which the liquid flows or by decreasing the velocity of liquid flow past the caps or by reducing the distance along the tray through which the liquid must
Providing a higher skirt clearance or a higher weir
All of these
Using split flow, radial flow or cascade flow for column diameter large than 4 ft

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally

More than the tube diameter
Equal to the tube diameter
Not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter or 3/16"
More in case of triangular pitch as compared to the square pitch tube layout

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