Computer Networking
The packets switching concept was first proposed

All of these
in the late 1950s for Defense Ministry of US
None of these
in the early 1960s for military communication systems, mainly to handle speech
in the late 1980s for the Defense Ministry of US.

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Computer Networking
Why does the data communication industry use the layered OSI reference model?1. It divides the network communication process into smaller and simpler components, thus aiding component development, design, and troubleshooting.2. It enables equipment from different vendors to use the same electronic components, thus saving research and development funds.3. It supports the evolution of multiple competing standards and thus provides business opportunities for equipment manufacturers.4. It encourages industry standardization by defining what functions occur at each layer of the model.

1 and 4
2 and 3
1 only
3 only

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Computer Networking
RS-449/442-A/423-A is

None of these
a check bit appended to an array of binary digits to make the sum of the all the binary digits
the ratio of the number of data units in error to the total number of data units
a set of physical layer standards developed by EIA and intended to replace RS-232-
a code in which each expression conforms to specific rules of construction, so that if certain errors occur in an expression the resulting expression will not conform to the rules of construction and

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