Environmental Science
The lag in daily temperature refers to the time lag between the:

Minimum and maximum solar energy received at the surface for a given day
Sunrise and sunset
Time of minimum temperature and the time of maximum solar radiation
Time of maximum solar radiation and the time of maximum temperature
Minimum and maximum temperature for a day

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Environmental Science
During the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere:

The noon sun is overhead at 23.5o S latitude
At middle latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, this marks the longest night of the year
All of these
Astronomical winter begins in the Northern Hemisphere

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