Heat Transfer
Vacuum is generally maintained in the vapour space of an evaporator mainly to

Get economical temperature difference by using moderate pressure steam
Facilitate forward feeding in multiple effect evaporation
Concentrate heat sensitive materials
Achieve very high concentration of the final product

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Heat Transfer
Which of the following situations can be approximated to a steady state heat transfer system?

10 kg of dry saturated steam at 8 kgf/cm² flowing through a short length of stainless steel pipe exposed to atmospheric air at 35°C
A sub-cooled refrigerant liquid at 8°C flowing at the rate of 6 Kg/minute through a copper pipe exposed to atmospheric air at 35°C
Boiling brine kept in open vessel when the bottom surface temperature of the vessel is maintained constant at 180°C
A red hot steel slab (having outside surface temperature as 1300°C) exposed to the atmosheric air at 35°C

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