Fluid Mechanics
Transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow is aided by the

All of these
Surface roughness and curvature (i.e.sharp corners)
Vibration
Pressure gradient and the compressibility of the flowing medium

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Fluid Mechanics
A bed of spherical particles (specific gravity 2.5) of uniform size 1500 μm is 0.5 m in diameter and 0.5 m high. In packed bed state, the porosity may be taken as 0.4. Ergun's equation for the above fluid-particle system (in SI units) is given below : Δ P/L = 375 x 10³ VOM + 10.94 x 10⁶ V²OM (SI units) If water is to be used as the fluidising medium, the minimum fluidisation velocity, VOM is

24 mm/s
12 mm/s
16 mm/s
28 mm/s

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