Refractory Technology
Thoria is an expensive refractory material and is radioactive in nature. Thorium oxide is used in the manufacture of

Segar cones
Crucibles used for melting of high purity metals
Insulating bricks
Muffles for muffle furnaces

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Refractory Technology
Fireclay refractories

Are not resistant to the action of basic slags
All of these
Shrink during firing
Combine with salts (e.g. chlorides sulphates etc.) & bases (e.g. lime, magnesia etc.) forming fusible aluminates silicates etc

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Refractory Technology
Addition of grog in fireclay brick during its manufacture is advantageous, because it results in

Less shrinkage in heating, decreased apparent porosity & increased specific gravity
All of these
Less addition of water to get a workable plasticity & lesser time required for drying the raw refractories and hence increased rate of production
High strength & thermal spalling resistance

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