Networks Analysis And Synthesis
Thevenin resistance Rth is found

between same open terminals as for Etk
by short-circuiting the given two terminals
by removing voltage sources along with their internal resistances
between any two ‘open’ terminals

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Networks Analysis And Synthesis
In Thevenin’s theorem, to find Z

All independent voltage sources are open circuited and all independent current sources are short circuited
All independent current sources are short circuited and independent voltage sources are open circuited
All independent voltage sources are short circuited and all independent current sources are open circuited
All independent voltage and current sources are short circuited

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