Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Engines
Clearance volume in actual reciprocating compressors is essential

To accommodate Valves in the cylinder head
To provide cushioning effect and also to avoid mechanical bang of piston with cylinder head
To attain high volumetric efficiency
To provide cushioning effect

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Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Engines
In a turbo jet engine, subsequent to heat addition to compressed air, to get the power output, the working substance is expanded in

Exit nozzle, which is a constant volume process
Turbine blades, which is a constant volume process
Exit nozzle, which is essentially an isentropic process
Turbine blades, which is essentially an isentropic process

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Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Engines
Producer gas is produced by

Carbonisation of coal
Passing steam over incandescent coke
Partial combustion of coal, coke, anthracite coal or charcoal in a mixed air steam blast
Passing air and a large amount of steam over waste coal at about 65°C

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