Structural Analysis
The thickness of the rectangular plate for the cap or base of a solid round steel columns, is calculated from the formulat = √[(9W/16 fbct) × D/(D -d)] where ‘d’ is

The reduced diameter of the column
The diameter of the base
The diameter of the top
The dimension of the base

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Structural Analysis
The effective length of lacing is the distance

Between the inner ends of effective lengths of welds connecting the members
Between the inner end rivets of the bar for single lacing
0.7 of the distance between the inner end rivets of the bar for double lacing
All of these

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