Manufacturing And Production Technology
Lapping is an operation of

Making a cone-shaped enlargement of the end of a hole
Sizing and finishing a small diameter hole
Producing a hole by removing metal along the circumference of a hollow cutting tool
Smoothing and squaring the surface around a hole

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Manufacturing And Production Technology
In determining the various forces on the chip, Merchant assumed that the

All of these
Cutting edge of the tool is sharp and it does not make any flank contact with the workpiece
Cutting velocity remains constant
Only continuous chip without built-up-edge is produced

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