Mass Transfer
The surface renewal frequency in Danckwerts model of mass transfer is given by (KL: mass transfer co-efficient)

KL².DA
KL/DA²
KL²/DA
√(KL².DA)

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Mass Transfer
In case of steam distillation, the steam leaving the liquid is not completely saturated with distillate vapour, because

Temperature is less
Total pressure is less
Mixing of steam with the material being vaporised is not so intimate as to result in equilibrium condition
Saturated steam is used for steam distillation

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