Mass Transfer
The surface renewal frequency in Danckwerts model of mass transfer is given by (KL: mass transfer co-efficient)

KL².DA
KL²/DA
KL/DA²
√(KL².DA)

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Mass Transfer
Priming in a distillation column

Is desirable from point efficiency consideration
Results from very low gas velocity
Reduces the overall pressure drop
Is characterised by the presence of foam throughout the space between trays

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Mass Transfer
Use of raschig rings in place of crushed stones as packing in packed beds (other things being same)

Decreases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Decreases pressure drop, increases surface area
Increases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Increases pressure drop, increases surface area

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