Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
The horizontal component of force on a curved surface is equal to the

force on the horizontal projection of the curved surface
force on a vertical projection of the curved surface
weight of liquid vertically above the curved surface
product of pressure intensity at its centroid and area

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Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
The normal stress is same in all directions at a point in a fluid

irrespective of the motion of one fluid layer relative to an adjacent layer
only when the fluid is frictionless
When there is no motion of one fluid layer relative to an adjacent layer
only when the fluid is incompressible and has zero viscosity

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Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
Non uniform flow occurs when

velocity, depth, pressure, etc. change from point to point in the fluid flow
the direction and magnitude of the velocity at all points are identical
the fluid particles move in plane or parallel planes and the streamline pat-terns are identical in each plane
the velocity of successive fluid par-ticles, at any point, is the same at suc-cessive periods of time

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