Fluid Mechanics
The Prandtl mixing length is

Independent of the shear stress
Useful for computing laminar flow problems
Independent of radial distance from the pipe axis
Zero at the pipe wall and is a universal constant

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Fluid Mechanics
A bed of spherical particles (specific gravity 2.5) of uniform size 1500 μm is 0.5 m in diameter and 0.5 m high. In packed bed state, the porosity may be taken as 0.4. Ergun's equation for the above fluid-particle system (in SI units) is given below : Δ P/L = 375 x 10³ VOM + 10.94 x 10⁶ V²OM (SI units) If water is to be used as the fluidising medium, the minimum fluidisation velocity, VOM is

16 mm/s
28 mm/s
24 mm/s
12 mm/s

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