Computer Networking
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

allows gateways to send error a control messages to other gateways or hosts
reports error conditions to the original source, the source must relate errors to individual application programs and take action to correct the problem
All of these
None of these
provides communication between the Internet Protocol Software on one machine and the Internet Protocol Software on another

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Computer Networking
Why does the data communication industry use the layered OSI reference model?1. It divides the network communication process into smaller and simpler components, thus aiding component development, design, and troubleshooting.2. It enables equipment from different vendors to use the same electronic components, thus saving research and development funds.3. It supports the evolution of multiple competing standards and thus provides business opportunities for equipment manufacturers.4. It encourages industry standardization by defining what functions occur at each layer of the model.

2 and 3
3 only
1 only
1 and 4

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