Measurement and Instrumentation
The measurement of a quantity

 is a comparison of an unknown quantity with known quantity.
  is a comparison of an unknown quantity with standard.
 none of these.
 is a comparison of an unknown quantity with another quantity.

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Measurement and Instrumentation
In DC potentiometer measurments, a second reading is often taken after reversing the polarities of the DC supply and the unknown voltage and the average of the two reading is taken. This is with a view of eliminate the effects of

 Ripples of the DC supply.
 Errorneous standardisation.
  Stray thermal emfs.
 Stray magnetic fields.

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