Environmental Science
The main reason(s) for warm summers in northern middle latitudes is that:

All of these
The sun is higher in the sky and we receive more direct solar radiation
The earth is closer to the sun in summer
The days are longer
Only (b) and (c) are correct

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Environmental Science
The lag in daily temperature refers to the time lag between the:

Sunrise and sunset
Minimum and maximum temperature for a day
Time of maximum solar radiation and the time of maximum temperature
Minimum and maximum solar energy received at the surface for a given day
Time of minimum temperature and the time of maximum solar radiation

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