Control Systems
The graph of an electrical network has N nodes and B branches. The number of links, L with respect to the choice of a tree, is given by

 B + N.
 N - B + 1.
 N - 2B - 1.
  B - N + 1.

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Control Systems
When deriving the transfer function of linear element

 initial conditions are assumed to be zero but loading is taken into account.
 both initial conditions and loading are taken into account.
 initial conditions are assumed to be zero and the element is assumed to be not loaded.
 initial conditions are taken into account but the element is assumed to be not loaded.

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