Machine Design
The function of a washer is to

Provide smooth surface in place of rough surface
Provide cushioning effect
Provide bearing area
Absorb shocks and vibrations

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Machine Design
In cross or regular lay ropes

Direction of twist of wires in strands is opposite to the direction of twist of strands
Wires in two adjacent strands are twisted in opposite direction
Wires are not twisted
Direction of twist of wires and strands are same

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Machine Design
Machine screws are

Similar to stud
Slotted for a screw driver and generally used with a nut
Similar to small size tap bolts except that a greater variety of shapes of heads are available
Used to prevent relative motion between two parts

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