Power Systems
The equation of area control error(ACE) is

 ACE = ΔPtie + b.Δf
 ACE = ΔPtie - b.Δf
 ACE = ΔPtie - 1/b.Δf
 ACE = ΔPtie +1/ b.Δf

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Power Systems
In Rankine cycle, the work output from a turbine is given by

  change in internal energy between inlet and outlet.
  change of enthalpy between inlet and outlet.
  change in temperature between inlet and outlet.
  change of entropy between inlet and outlet.

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Power Systems
The value of off diagonal elements is

 sum of admittances connected at bus i
 sum of admittances connected at bus j
 which is connected between bus i and bus j with positive sign
 which is connected between bus i and bus j with negative sign

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