Heat and Mass Transfer
The heat transfer by conduction through a thick cylinder (Q) is given by (where T₁ = Higher temperature, T₂ = Lower temperature, r₁ = Inside radius, r₂ = Outside radius, l = Length of cylinder, and k = Thermal conductivity)

Q = [2πlk (T₁ - T₂)]/2.3 log (r₂/r₁)
Q = 2.3 log (r₂/r₁)/[2πlk (T₁ - T₂)]
Q = = 2πlk/2.3 (T₁ - T₂) log (r₂/r₁)
Q = [2π (T₁ - T₂)]/2.3 lk log (r₂/r₁)

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Heat and Mass Transfer
A steam pipe is to be insulated by two insulating materials put over each other. For best results

Both may be put in any order
Better insulation should be put over pipe and better one over it
Inferior insulation should be put over pipe and better one over it
Whether to put inferior OIL over pipe or the better one would depend on steam temperature

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Heat and Mass Transfer
Thermal conductivity of a material may be defined as the

Quantity of heat flowing in one second through a slab of the material of area one cm square, thickness 1 cm when its faces differ in temperature by 1°C
Heat conducted in unit time across unit area through unit thickness when a temperature difference of unity is maintained between opposite faces
Quantity of heat flowing in one second through one cm cube of material when opposite faces are maintained at a temperature difference of 1°C
All of these

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