Machine Design
The effective stress in wire ropes during normal working is equal to the stress due to

Bending plus stress due to acceleration/retardation
Axial load plus stress due to bending
Axial load plus stress due to acceleration/retardation
Acceleration/retardation of masses plus stress due to bending

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Machine Design
Plastic flow in ductile materials

Has no effect on it
Lessens the seriousness of static loading stress concentration
Depends on other considerations
Increases the seriousness of static loading stress concentration

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