Electromagnetic Field Theory
The developed electromagnetic force and or torque in electromechanical energy conversion system act in a direction that tends

 to increase the stored energy at constant flux.
 to decrease the stored energy at constant mmf.
 to decrease the co-energy at constant mmf.
 to decrease the stored energy at constant flux.

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Electromagnetic Field Theory
Gradient of scalar field is expressed as

 Maximum rate of increase of scalar function at a point.
 Gradient of divergence of a vector field minus the curl of the vector field.
 Circulation of a vector field per unit area as the area tends to zero.
 Outward flux of a vector field per unit volume as the volume about the point tends to zero.

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Electromagnetic Field Theory
In microwave communication links, when fading due to rain attenuation occurs then technique adopted for solving the problem would include

Antenna replacement and feed correction
Polarization shifting and code diversity
Path diversity and frequency diversity
Amplitude timing and phase correction

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