Machine Design
The connecting rod bolts are tightened up with initial tension greater than the external load so that

Bolts are weakest elements
The resultant load on the bolt would not be affected by the external cyclic load
Joint may not open up
Bolts will not loosen during service

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Machine Design
A stud

Has head at one end and other end fits into a tapped hole in the other part to be joined
Has a head on one end and a nut fitted to the other
Has both the ends threaded
Has pointed threads

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