Machine Design
The connecting rod bolts are tightened up with initial tension greater than the external load so that

Joint may not open up
The resultant load on the bolt would not be affected by the external cyclic load
Bolts are weakest elements
Bolts will not loosen during service

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Machine Design
The fatigue stress concentration factor is defined as

All of these
The ratio of endurance limit with stress concentration to the endurance limit without stress concentration
The product of the endurance limits with and without stress concentration
The ratio of endurance limit without stress concentration to the endurance limit with stress concentration

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