Machine Design
The connecting rod bolts are tightened up with initial tension greater than the external load so that

The resultant load on the bolt would not be affected by the external cyclic load
Joint may not open up
Bolts will not loosen during service
Bolts are weakest elements

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Machine Design
Elastic nut is a locking device in which

One small nut is tightened over main nut and main nut tightened against smaller one by loosening, creating friction jamming
Hard fibre or nylon cotter is recessed in the nut and becomes threaded as the nut is stewed on the bolt causing a tight grip
Through slots are made at top and a cotter pin is passed through these and a hole in the bolt, and cotter pin splitted and bent in reverse direction at other end
A slot is cut partly in middle of nut and then slot reduced by tightening a screw

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