Machine Design
The connecting rod bolts are tightened up with initial tension greater than the external load so that

Joint may not open up
The resultant load on the bolt would not be affected by the external cyclic load
Bolts will not loosen during service
Bolts are weakest elements

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Machine Design
According to Rankine's theory, the failure occurs at a point in a member

When the maximum principal stress in a biaxial stress system reaches the elastic limit of the material in a simple tension test
When the maximum principal strain in a biaxial stress system reaches the strain at the elastic limit as determined from a simple tension test
When the strain energy per unit volume in a biaxial stress system reaches the strain energy at the elastic limit per unit volume as determined from a simple tension test
When the maximum shear stress in a biaxial stress system reaches the shear stress at elastic limit in a simple tension test

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