Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The major principal stress in an element of cohesion-less soil within the backfill of a retaining wall is

Inclined at 45° to the vertical plane
Vertical if the soil is in an active state of plastic equilibrium
Vertical if the soil is in a passive state of plastic equilibrium
None of these

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Within the consolidation process of a saturated clay

both neutral pressure and effective pressure decrease
both neutral pressure and effective pressure increase
a gradual increase in neutral pressure and a gradual decrease in effective pressure takes place and sum of the two is constant
a gradual decrease in neutral pressure and a gradual increase in effective pressure takes place and sum of the two is constant

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