Plant Structure
Any system that is not at equilibrium

is thermodynamically unstable, although it may be kinetically stable
is kinetically unstable, although it may be thermodynamically stable
is rushing toward equilibrium at a very rapid rate
requires an enzyme to reach equilibrium

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Plant Structure
Why do some redox reactions in cells result in the transfer of electrons from a reductant with a higher standard redox potential to an oxidant with a lower standard redox potential?

Electrons always go from reductants with high redox potentials to oxidants with low redox potentials
None of these
The rules governing oxidation and reduction apply only in vitro, and not in vivo
Redox potentials are defined under standard conditions, and cellular conditions are typically not standard conditions

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Plant Structure
Which of the following experimental results does not support Mitchell's chemiosmosis theory?

Addition of dinitrophenol to isolated mitochondria was shown to inhibit electron transport, but had no effect on ATP synthesis
An artificial proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane drives ATP synthesis in the absence of electron transport
Electron transport in isolated mitochondria was shown to result in acidification of the medium
Addition of dinitrophenol to isolated mitochondria during electron transport was shown to inhibit acidification of the medium

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