Plant Structure
Why do some redox reactions in cells result in the transfer of electrons from a reductant with a higher standard redox potential to an oxidant with a lower standard redox potential?

Electrons always go from reductants with high redox potentials to oxidants with low redox potentials
None of these
Redox potentials are defined under standard conditions, and cellular conditions are typically not standard conditions
The rules governing oxidation and reduction apply only in vitro, and not in vivo

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Plant Structure
Which of the following experimental results does not support Mitchell's chemiosmosis theory?

An artificial proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane drives ATP synthesis in the absence of electron transport
Addition of dinitrophenol to isolated mitochondria was shown to inhibit electron transport, but had no effect on ATP synthesis
Addition of dinitrophenol to isolated mitochondria during electron transport was shown to inhibit acidification of the medium
Electron transport in isolated mitochondria was shown to result in acidification of the medium

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