The Database Environment
Some advantages of the database approach include all, but:

program-data dependency.
improved data consistency.
minimal data redundancy.
improved data sharing.

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The Database Environment
A database management system (DBMS) is a:

software system used to create, maintain, and provide uncontrolled access to a database.
hardware system used to create, maintain, and provide uncontrolled access to a database.
hardware system used to create, maintain, and provide controlled access to a database.
software system used to create, maintain, and provide controlled access to a database.

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