Environmental Science
The earth's radiative equilibrium temperature is:

The temperature at which the earth is absorbing solar radiation and emitting infrared radiation at equal rates
The temperature at which the earth is radiating energy at maximum intensity
The average temperature the earth must maintain to prevent the oceans from freezing solid
The temperature at which rates of evaporation and condensation on the earth are in balance

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Environmental Science
The order of basic processes involved in succession is

Nudation->Invasion-> competition and co action->reaction>stabilization
Invasion-> Nudation->competition and co action->Reaction>stabilization
Nudation->stabilization-> competition and co action->Invasion>reaction
Invasion->stabilization-> competition and co action->Reaction>nudation

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