Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The major principal stress in an element of cohesion-less soil within the backfill of a retaining wall is

Vertical if the soil is in a passive state of plastic equilibrium
Inclined at 45° to the vertical plane
Vertical if the soil is in an active state of plastic equilibrium
None of these

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The shear strength of a soil

Decreases with decrease in normal stress
Is directly proportional to the angle of internal friction of the soil
Decreases with increase in normal stress
Is inversely proportional to the angle of internal friction of the soil

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