Electromagnetic Field Theory
Gradient of scalar field is expressed as

 Maximum rate of increase of scalar function at a point.
 Outward flux of a vector field per unit volume as the volume about the point tends to zero.
 Gradient of divergence of a vector field minus the curl of the vector field.
 Circulation of a vector field per unit area as the area tends to zero.

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Electromagnetic Field Theory
A copper disc is rotated rapidly below a freely suspended magnetic needle. The magnetic needle starts rotating with velocity

 less than that of disc and in the same direction.
 equal to that of disc and in the opposite direction.
 less than that of disc but in opposite direction.
 equal to that of disc and in the same direction.

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