System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

None of these
assumes that the black box is independent
assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
All of these

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System Analysis and Design
An audit trial is

designed to permit tracing of any input record or process performed on a system, back toits original sources
post-auditing the system after its implementation
All of these
test data used by the system auditor
None of these

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System Analysis and Design
In Decision trees

None of these
the root is drawn on the left and is the starting point on the decision sequence.
All of these
nodes represent the conditions, with the right side of tree listing the actions to be taken
the branch depends on the condition and decisions to made

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