Chemical Process
Permanent hardness of water is due to the presence of calcium & magnesium

Bi-carbonates
Carbonate
Sulphates & chlorides
None of these

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Chemical Process
Transparent soaps (e.g. Pears) are

Metallic soaps with frothing agent and free stearic acid to achieve transparency
Usually soft soap (made from coconut oil) in which cane sugar & alcohol are added and finally washed with methylated spirit to achieve transparency
None of these
Metallic soaps with frothing agent from which glycerine has not been recovered

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