Building Materials
The basic purpose of a retarder in concrete is

To decrease the initial setting time of cement paste in concrete
To render the concrete more water tight
To increase the initial setting time of cement paste in concrete
To improve the workability of concrete mix

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Building Materials
Sapwood consists of

Thin layers below the bark
Innermost annular rings around the pith
Portion of timber between heartwood and cambium layer
Thin fibre which extends from the pith outwards and holds the annular rings together

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