Electromagnetic Field Theory
MUF is depend upon

11 year sun spot cycle
Electron density of the ionospheric layer
Height of ionospheric layer
Received frequency by receiver

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Electromagnetic Field Theory
Gradient of scalar field is expressed as

 Maximum rate of increase of scalar function at a point.
 Gradient of divergence of a vector field minus the curl of the vector field.
 Outward flux of a vector field per unit volume as the volume about the point tends to zero.
 Circulation of a vector field per unit area as the area tends to zero.

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Electromagnetic Field Theory
Magnetostriction is a phenomenon of

 change in physical dimensions of ferromagnetic materials during magnetism.
 generation of magnetism in electrical conductors.
 change in permeability of ferromagnetic materials during magnetism.
 generation of electricity in ferromagnetic materials.

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