Heat Transfer
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD) cannot be used, if

heat transfer co-efficient over the entire heat exchanger is not constant
none of the listed here
the heat capacity is not constant and there is a phase change.
there exists an unsteady state

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Heat Transfer
Vacuum is generally maintained in the vapour space of an evaporator mainly to

Concentrate heat sensitive materials
Get economical temperature difference by using moderate pressure steam
Facilitate forward feeding in multiple effect evaporation
Achieve very high concentration of the final product

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