Surveying
In the quadrantal bearing system, a whole circle bearing of 293° 30′ can be expressed as

N23°30’W
S113°30’N
W23°30’N
N66°30’W

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Surveying
The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer axes can be eliminated by

taking mean of several readings distributed over different portions of the graduated circle
double sighting
reading both verniers and taking the mean of the two
taking both face observations and taking the mean of the two

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Surveying
Bowditch rule is applied to

None of these
a closed traverse for adjustment of closing error
determine the effect of local attraction
an open traverse for graphical adjustment

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