Communication Systems
In Pulse Code Modulation system

Large bandwidth is required
Quantising noise can be overcome by companding
Quantising noise can be reduced by decreasing the number of standard levels
Suffers from the disadvantage of its incompatibly with TDM

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Communication Systems
Circular polarization

None of these
Involves critical alignment of transmitting and receiving antenna
Is useful in reducing depolarization effect on received wave
Is useful in discrimination between reception of adjacent beams

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