Furnace Technology
In practical operation of any furnace, zero oxygen percentage or theoretical CO₂ percentage in flue gas is rarely achieved, because of

Use of excessive positive draft in the furnace
Imperfect mixing of fuel & air and infiltration of air
Use of pulverised solid fuels
Use of non-preheated combustion air

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Furnace Technology
In a furnace, the heat taken by the charge/stock and the heat lost to the furnace structure & flue gases depends on the

Nature of process ; whether batch, continuous or intermittant
Thermal conductivity of the charge & structural materials of furnace
All of these
Rate of firing and emissivity of flame

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