Mass Transfer
Channelling is most severe

At very high liquid flow rate
In towers packed randomly with crushed solids
In dumped packing of regular units
In towers packed with stacked packing

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Mass Transfer
As the reflux ratio in a distillation coloumn is increased from the minimum, the

Total cost first decreases and then increases
Liquid flow increases while the vapor flow decreases for a system
Number of plates decreases very slowly first and then more and more rapidly
Slope of the operating line in stripping section decreases

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