Mass Transfer
In a counter-current liquid extractor

Only one of the liquids may be pumped at any desired rate
Liquid's flow rate depends upon the temperature and pressure
Both liquids flow at fixed rate
Both liquids can have any desired flow rate

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Mass Transfer
Use of raschig rings in place of crushed stones as packing in packed beds (other things being same)

Decreases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Increases pressure drop, increases surface area
Decreases pressure drop, increases surface area
Increases pressure drop, decreases surface area

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Mass Transfer
Molecular diffusion is caused by the

Activation energy of the molecules
Potential energy of the molecules
Thermal energy of the molecules
Transfer of molecules from low concentration to high concentration region

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