Communication Systems
In EM waves, polarization

Is due to transverse nature of waves
Is caused by reflection
Results from longitudinal nature of waves
Is always vertical in an isotropic medium

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Communication Systems
In Pulse Code Modulation system

Quantising noise can be reduced by decreasing the number of standard levels
Suffers from the disadvantage of its incompatibly with TDM
Quantising noise can be overcome by companding
Large bandwidth is required

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