DC Motors
In dc machines fractional pitch winding is used

To increase the generated emf
To reduce the generated emf
To improve cooling
To reduce the sparking

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DC Motors
As there is no back e.m.f. at the instant of starting a D.C. motor, in order to prevent a heavy current from flowing though the armature circuit

Armature is temporarily open circuited
A resistance is connected parallel to the armature
A resistance is connected in series with armature
A high value resistor is connected across the field winding

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