System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

All of these
None of these
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
assumes that the black box is independent

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System Analysis and Design
A system design is said to be functionally modular if

the system is developed using structured programming through COBOL or PASCAL
each module performs a specific function and can be developed relatively independently by programmers
the system is able to handle all the function of the application
None of these
the system makes extensive use of function. keys for maximum user assistance

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System Analysis and Design
Indexed-Sequential organization

has records placed randomly throughout the file
stores records sequentially but uses an index to locate records
uses an index for each key type
means storing records in contiguous blocks according to a key

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