System Analysis and Design
The outstanding Invoice file should be stared on a Pardon Access Storage Device if

None of these
invoice data entry is on-line.
payment recording is done in a batch rode
last record points to the first record
inquires concerning payable are to be answered on-line

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System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
All of these
None of these
assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
assumes that the black box is independent

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