Design of Steel Structure
In case of timber structures, the simple bending formula M = fz may be applied for

solid circular beams only
rectangular beams up to 300 mm depth
all square cross-section beams
all rectangular beams

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Design of Steel Structure
When the axis of load lies in the plane of rivet group, then the most heavily loaded rivet will be the one which (where, Fa is the load shared by each rivet due to axial load and Fm is the shearing load due to moment in any rivet.)

is at the minimum distance from CG of the rivet group
is at the maximum distance from CG of the rivet group
gives the maximum angle between the two forces Fa and Fm
gives the minimum angle between the two forces Fa and Fm

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Design of Steel Structure
In a gusseted base, when the end of the column is machined for complete bearing on the base plate, then the axial load is assumed to be transferred to base plate

75% by direct bearing and 25% through fastenings
Fully through fastenings
Fully by direct bearing
50% by direct bearing and 50% through fastenings

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