Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
The ultimate analysis of fuel lists

Various chemical constituents, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, etc, plus ash as percents by weight
Fuel constituents as percents by volume of moisture, volatile, fixed carbon and ash
Fuel constituents as percents by weight of moisture, volatile, fixed carbon and ash
Various chemical constituents, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen etc, plus ash as percents by volume

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
In forced circulation type boiler

Water is supplied in drum and through down comers located in atmospheric condition it passes to the water wall and rises to drum in the form of mixture of water and steam
Water is converted into steam in one pass without any recirculation
Feed pump is employed to supplement natural circulation in water wall type furnace
Heating takes place at bottom and the water supplied at bottom gets converted into the mixture of steam bubbles and hot water which rise to drum

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
In designing air preheaters, the important design consideration is that

Approach temperature should be as low as possible
Heat transfer area should be optimum
Handling and maintenance should be easier
Stack gases should not be cooled to the dew point

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